Next Reader https://validator.w3.org/feed/docs/rss2.html Manufacturing as the backbone of economic development: Modernizing agriculture (reduces heavy dependence on agricultural income) Eradicating unemployment and poverty from the country Reducing regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas Expanding trade and commerce, bringing in foreign exchange Transforming raw materials into high-value finished goods Interdependence of Agriculture and Industry: Agriculture supplies raw materials; industry provides inputs (pumps, fertilizers, pesticides, PVC pipes, tools) Experimental geothermal projects in India: Parvati Valley near Manikaran (Himachal Pradesh) and Puga Valley (Ladakh) Energy as a basic requirement for economic development (agriculture, industry, transport, commercial, domestic) Economic development plans requiring increasing amounts of energy India currently one of the least energy-efficient countries in the world Twin planks of sustainable energy: Promoting energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy Individual measures for energy conservation: Using public transport instead of individual vehicles, switching off electricity when not in use, using power-saving devices, checking power equipment Energy saved is energy produced slogan and application Definition of Manufacturing: Production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials to more valuable products Decomposition of organic matter producing gas with higher thermal efficiency than kerosene, dung cake, or charcoal Gobar Gas Plants’ in rural areas: Provide twin benefits of energy and improved quality of manure Tidal Energy: Oceanic tides harnessed to generate electricity Mechanism of Tidal energy: Floodgate dams built across inlets; water flows in and drives turbines when tide falls Ideal sites for tidal energy in India: Gulf of Khambhat, Gulf of Kutch (Gujarat), Gangetic delta in Sundarbans (West Bengal) Geothermal Energy: Heat and electricity produced by using heat from the interior of the Earth Mechanism of Geothermal energy: Groundwater absorbs heat from hot rocks at depths, turns to steam, drives turbines Solar Energy: India is a tropical country with vast scope for solar energy utilization Photovoltaic technology: Converts sunlight directly into electricity Largest solar power plants in India (e.g., Bhadla Solar Park in Rajasthan) Benefits of solar energy in rural areas: Reduces dependence on firewood and dung cakes Wind Power: India has great potential for wind power Largest wind farm cluster: Tamil Nadu (from Nagarcoil to Madurai) Other states with important wind farms: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra, Lakshadweep Biogas: Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste converted into biogas for domestic consumption Need for Non-Conventional sources: Rising energy consumption, dependence on fossil fuels causing shortages and environmental pollution Types of non-conventional sources: Solar, wind, tide, biomass, geothermal, atomic energy Nuclear / Atomic Energy: Obtained by altering structure of atoms; generates heat to produce electric power Minerals used for Nuclear energy: Uranium and Thorium Uranium/Thorium occurrences: Jharkhand and Aravalli ranges (Rajasthan); Monazite sands of Kerala rich in Thorium Major Nuclear Power Stations in India: Tarapur (Maharashtra), Rawatbhata (Rajasthan), Kakrapar (Gujarat), Narora (UP), Kaiga (Karnataka), Kudankulam (Tamil Nadu) Petroleum refineries acting as a “Nodal Industry” for synthetic textile, fertilizer, and chemical industries Geological occurrence of petroleum: Anticlines and fault traps in tertiary rock formations Oil trapped in the crest of upfold/anticline; gas lies above oil Major Oilfields in India: Mumbai High (offshore – 63% of production), Ankeleshwar (Gujarat – 18%), Digboi/Naharkatiya/Moran-Hugrijan (Assam – oldest oil producing state) Natural Gas: Environment-friendly fuel due to low carbon dioxide emissions (fuel of the 21st century) Uses of natural gas: Industrial raw material in petrochemical industry, power generation, fertilizer production, CNG for vehicles, PNG for households Major Natural Gas reserves: Krishna-Godavari basin, Mumbai High and Gulf of Cambay, Andaman and Nicobar islands HVJ Pipeline (Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur): $1,700 Electricity Generation: Hydroelectricity (running water driving hydro turbines – renewable) and Thermal electricity (burning coal/petroleum/gas to drive steam turbines – non-renewable) Bituminous Coal: Buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures; most popular coal in commercial use Metallurgical Coal: High grade bituminous coal with special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces Anthracite: Highest quality hard coal with carbon content over 80% Geological ages of coal occurrence in India: Gondwana coal (over 200 million years old) and Tertiary coal (55 million years old) Gondwana coal fields: Damodar valley (Jharkhand-West Bengal: Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro), Godavari, Mahanadi, Son valleys